Hydrophilic chemically adsorbed film

ABSTRACT

A chemically adsorbed film containing hydrophilic groups is formed on a substrate such that it is chemically bonded by Si covalent bonds to the substrate. The adsorbed film has an improved hydrophilic property. In addition, the film provides an excellently durable and transparent fog-proof substrate. According to the method of the invention, a substrate containing hydrophilic groups is contacted with a non-aqueous solution containing a surface active material having straight chain molecules each having at one end a chlorosilyl group and at the other end at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a bromo group, iodo group, cyano group, thiocyano group, chlorosilyl group etc. to cause a dehydrochlorination reaction between hydrophilic groups on the substrate surface and chlorosilyl groups of the surface active material, thereby forming a chemically adsorbed film on the substrate surface. The functional group at the other end of the surface active material is converted into at least one hydrophilic group selected from the group consisting of --OH, --COOH, --NH 2 , ═NH, --N +  R 3  X -   (X representing a halogen atom, R represents a lower alkyl group), --NO 2 , --SH, and --S) 3  H groups.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.07/872,836 filed Apr. 23, 1992, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention relates to a hydrophilic chemically adsorbed filmand a method of manufacturing the same. More particularly, the inventionrelates to a hydrophilic chemically adsorbed film, in which hydrophilicfunctional groups are secured by chemical bonds to chemically adsorbedmolecules, and a method of manufacturing the same.

The invention also relates to a fog-proof substrate for an opticalmaterial, which substrate utilizes the hydrophilic chemically adsorbedfilm noted above, and the surface of which is made hydrophilic. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to a fog-proof substrate with ahydrophilic chemically adsorbed film formed on the surface of a bathroommirror, a make-up mirror, a window glass, a vehicle window glass, a backmirror and an optical lens.

The invention further relates to a highly durable, fog-proof,oil-repelling monomolecular film or a fog-proof, oil-repelling laminatedfilm utilizing the hydrophilic chemically adsorbed film noted above.More particularly, the invention relates to a fluorocarbon-basedchemically adsorbed film or a chemically adsorbed laminated film with anaim of providing fog-proof and oil-repelling properties at the surfaceof a transparent substrate, the film having a thickness at the nanometerlevel, being hydrophilic and highly oil-repelling and having the surfacecovered by hydrophilic groups.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It has been required in various fields to make the surface of ahydrophobic material hydrophilic. For example, it is required to makethe surface of plastics, fibers, ceramics and like materialshydrophilic. Taking synthetic fibers, for example, if the surface ofpolyester, polyolefin and like synthetic fibers can be made hydrophilic,their use for clothing such as underwear and their industrial use suchas wipers are expected to be further increased. It is important inindustries to provide a technique of forming richly versatile moleculesas a method of manufacturing a chemically adsorbed film, which ishydrophilic to a desired extent.

Heretofore, plasma treatment or the like is well known as means formaking the surface of plastics, fibers, ceramics and like materialhydrophilic.

As a different means, the Ogawa method has been proposed in whichfunctional groups having particular functions are incorporated inadvance in a surface active material for chemical adsorption to form aspecific chemically adsorbed film, as disclosed in, for example, U.S.Pat. No. 4,673,474.

However, plasma treatment can not impart a sufficient hydrophilicproperty. In addition, its process is complicated. Further, with theabove Ogawa method it is difficult to incorporate in advance hydrophilicgroups in the surface active material itself, thus imposing greatrestrictions on the manufacture of chemically adsorbed films which arehydrophilic to a desired extent. That is, this method is poorlyversatile.

When the relative humidity is high or during the low temperature winterseason, fog may be produced, for example, on vehicle window glass or onbathroom mirrors. Fog is produced due to inferior heat conductivity ofthe optical substrate of the vehicle window glass or bathroom mirror.When the atmospheric temperature is suddenly increased or when onesurface contacts a high temperature air atmosphere while the othersurface remains cool, water content in the air is condensed on thesurface. This is referred to as fog. In the rainy season, for example,the relative humidity of air is saturated, and fog is readily producedwith condensation as one breathes or sweats. It is well known in the artto prevent this fog formation by applying coating chemicals or resinscontaining hydrophilic compounds such as polyvinyl alcohol andpolyethylene glycol on the optical material surface or applyinghydrophilic film thereto.

However, by coating hydrophilic resins on the optical material surfaceor applying hydrophilic film thereto, the transparency of the materialis sacrificed. In addition, separation or flaws may occur. Further, themethod of coating hydrophilic chemicals or resins poses problems in thatdurability is low, although the cost is low.

Heretofore, there have been various proposals of providing a fog-proofproperty to the surface, which can be readily fogged by steam or waterdrops such as on window glass, bathroom mirrors and glass lenses.

There are many proposed methods of improving the fog-proof property ofglass, plastic and other substrates; for example a method of coating ahydrophilic coating film of denatured polyethylene glycol orpoly(hydroxyethyl methacylate) or a method of coating varioussilicone-based resins.

The silicone-based resins, however, are less transparent, and thereforethey require a very small coating thickness if they are to be coatedwhile maintaining the color tone or luster of the substrate. However,since they are less hard and have an inferior scratch-proof property, byreducing the thickness of coating film durability is reduced. Likewise,denatured polyethylene glycol or poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) ispoorly wear-resistant and inferior in durability.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the invention is to provide a chemically adsorbed filmincorporating hydrophilic groups and a method of manufacturing the same,which can solve the above problems inherent in the prior art.

Another object of the invention is to provide a fog-proof substrate witha highly transparent and durable, desirably fog-proof hydrophiliccoating film provided on the surface of an optical material, which cansolve the above problems inherent in the prior art.

A further object of the invention is to provide a fluorocarbon-basedcoating film, which is excellently fog-proof and oil-repelling,maintains the color tone or luster of the substrate, is less prone todamage, has high scratch resistance and has a hydrophilic surface, byutilizing a monomolecular film having a thickness at the nanometer leveland having a uniform thickness either as a laminated film or anon-laminated film, thus solving the problems inherent in the prior art.

According to a first aspect of the invention we provide a hydrophilicchemically adsorbed film comprising a straight carbon chain having astem bonded by covalent Si bonds to a substrate surface, wherein thechemically adsorbed film contains hydrophilic groups at outermostsurface.

It is preferable in this invention that the hydrophilic groups includeat least one functional group selected from the group consisting of--CN, --SCN, --OH, --COOH, --NH₂, ═NH, --N⁺ R₃ X⁻ (X represents ahalogen atom, R represents a lower alkyl group),--NO₂, --SH, and --SO₃ Hgroups.

It is preferable in this invention that the hydrogen atom in the --COOHor --SO₃ H group is substituted by an alkali metal, an alkali earthmetal or other metals.

It is preferable in this invention that the chemically adsorbed film isa monomolecular film or a polymer film.

It is preferable in this invention that the substrate is a opticalsubstrate.

It is preferable in this invention that the hydrophilic chemicallyadsorbed film is laminated on the surface of an inner layer containingsiloxane bonds.

It is preferable in this invention that the chemically adsorbed filmcontains a fluorocarbon group and the surface thereof containshydrophilic groups.

It is preferable in this invention that the chemically adsorbed filmincludes a fluorine-containing laminated film.

According to a second aspect of the invention we provide a method ofmanufacturing a hydrophilic chemically adsorbed film comprising:

A) contacting a substrate containing hydrophilic groups with anon-aqueous solution containing a surface active material having astraight chain group having at one end a chlorosilyl group and at theother end at least one functional group selected from the groupconsisting of a bromo group, iodo group, cyano group, thiocyano group,chlorosilyl group and an organic group having an ester bond to cause adehydrochlorination reaction between hydrophilic groups on the substratesurface and chlorosilyl groups of the surface active material, therebyforming a chemically adsorbed film on the substrate surface, and

B) converting the functional group at the other end of the surfaceactive material into at least one hydrophilic group selected from thegroup consisting of --OH, --COOH, --NH₂, ═NH, --N⁺ R₃ X⁻ (X representinga halogen atom, R represents a lower alkyl group), --NO₂, --SH, and--SO₃ H groups.

It is preferable in this invention that the surface active materialcontaining the chlorosilyl group is represented by the formula ##STR1##or the formula ##STR2## where A represents at least one functional groupselected from the group consisting of a bromo group, an iodo group, acyano group, a thiocyano group, a chlorosilyl group or an organic groupcontaining an ester bond, and m and n represent integers in a range from1 to 30, R, R' represents alkyl group, alkoxyl group or aryl group.

It is preferable in this invention that the functional group at theother end of the surface active material is converted to a --COOH or--SO₃ H group, and then the hydrogen atom in the carboxylic acid groupor said sulfonic acid group is substituted by an alkali metal or analkali earth metal or other metals.

It is preferable in this invention that the chemically adsorbed film isa monomolecular film or a polymer film.

It is preferable in this invention that the substrate containinghydroxyl groups at the surface is made of a material selected from thegroup consisting of glass, metals, ceramics and plastics.

It is preferable in this invention that the substrate containinghydroxyl groups at the surface is a substrate having the surface thereofmade hydrophilic by a treating in an oxygen-containing plasmaatmosphere.

According to a third aspect of the invention we provide a method ofmanufacturing a hydrophilic chemically adsorbed film comprising:

a) contacting a substrate containing hydrophilic groups with anon-aqueous solution containing a fluorocarbon-based surface activematerial having chlorosilyl groups at both molecular ends to cause areaction between hydroxyl groups on the substrate surface andchlorosilyl groups at one molecular end of the fluorocarbon-basedsurface active material, and

b) washing with a non-aqueous organic solution and reacting with water,thereby forming on the substrate a chemical adsorbed film havinghydroxyl groups secured to the substrate surface.

It is preferable in this invention that the fluorocarbon-based surfaceactive material containing the chlorosilyl groups at both molecular endsis represented by the formula

    X.sub.p Cl.sub.3-p SiR.sup.1 (CF.sub.2).sub.n R.sup.2 SiX.sub.q Cl.sub.3-q

where n represents an integer, R¹ and R² represent an alkylene group ora substituted group containing a Si or oxygen atom, X represents ahydrogen atom, an alkyl or an alkoxy group and p and q represent 1 or 2.

It is preferable in, this invention that the fluorocarbon-based, surfaceactive material containing the chlorosilyl groups at one molecular endis represented by the formula

    R.sup.3 --R.sup.4 --(CF.sub.2).sub.n --R.sup.5 SiX.sub.q Cl.sub.3-q

where n represents an integer, R³ represents an unsaturated group or adimethylsilyl group, R⁴ and R⁵ represent an alkylene group or asubstituted group containing a Si or oxygen atom, X represents ahydrogen atom, an alkyl or an alkoxyl substitution group, and qrepresents 0, 1 or 2.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention we provide a method ofmanufacturing a hydrophilic chemically adsorbed film comprising:

i) contacting a substrate containing hydrophilic groups with anon-aqueous solution containing a surface active material having achlorosilyl group at one molecular end and a reactive functionalunsaturated group at the other molecular end to cause a reaction betweenhydroxyl groups of the substrate surface and chlorosilyl groups at onemolecular end of the surface active material,

ii) removing non-reacted surface active material remaining on thesubstrate by washing with a non-aqueous organic solution, therebyforming a chemically adsorbed inner layer film on the substrate,

iii) converting the reactive functional groups on the surface of theinner layer film into groups which are ractive with the chlorosilylgroup,

iv) contacting the substrate with a non-aqueous solution containing afluorocarbon-based surface active material containing chlorosilyl groupsat opposite ends to cause a reaction between active groups of the innerlayer film and chlorosilyl groups at one molecular end of thefluorocarbon-based surface active material, and

v) removing non-reacted fluorocarbon-based surface active materialremaining on the substrate by washing with a non-aqueous organicsolution and then reacting with water, thereby forming a hydrophiliclaminated fluorocarbon-based chemically adsorbed film bonded to theinner layer film.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 (a)-(b) show a glass substrate as in example 1 of the invention.

FIGS. 2 (a)-(b) show a glass substrate as in example 2 of the invention.

FIGS. 3 (a)-(d) show a glass substrate as in example 3 of the invention.

FIGS. 4 (a)-(d) show a glass mirror as in example 4 of the invention.

FIGS. 5 (a)-(c) show a glass mirror as in example 5 of the invention.

FIGS. 6 (a)-(c) show a transparent polycarbonate plate as in example 6of the invention.

FIGS. 7 (a)-(d) show a glass substrate as in example 7 of the invention.

FIGS. 8 (a)-(c) show a glass substrate as in example 8 of the invention.

FIGS. 9 (a)-(e) show a glass substrate as in example 9 of the invention.

FIGS. 10 (a)-(d) show a glass substrate as in example 10 of theinvention.

FIGS. 11 (a)-(d) show a glass mirror as in example 11 of the invention.

FIGS. 12 (a)-(c) show a window glass as in example 12 of the invention.

FIGS. 13 (a)-(d) show a window glass as in example 13 of the invention.

FIGS. 14 (a)-(c) show a transparent polycarbonate optical lens as inexample 14 of the invention.

FIGS. 15 (a)-(e) show a glass substrate as in example 15 of theinvention.

FIGS. 16 (a)-(c) show a glass spectacle lens as in example 16 of theinvention.

FIGS. 17 (a)-(d) show a poly(ethylene terephtarate) film as in example17 of the invention.

FIGS. 18 (a)-(d) show a glass substrate as in example 18 of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, hydrophilic functional groups are secured bychemical bonds and via chemically adsorbed molecules to a substratesurface. Thus, there is no need of incorporating in advance a particularhydrophilic group in the surface active material, and it is possible tomanufacture a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film, which ishydrophilic to a comparatively freely controllable extent.

To provide the fog-proof property, a readily ionizable functional groupis used as the hydrophilic group.

More specifically, according to the invention a fog-proof substrate isprovided, which is an optical material with a chemically adsorbedmonomolecular film provided on the substrate surface. The monomolecularfilm features a coating film that is provided with straight chainmolecules containing hydrophylic groups chemically bonded via siloxanebonds.

A preferred structure according to the invention is that the hydrophilicgroup is at least one functional group selected from the groupconsisting of --OH, --COOH, --NH₂, --N⁺ R₃ X⁻ (R representing an loweralkyl group, X representing a halogen atom), --NO₂ and --SO₃ H groups.Further, in the above structure the hydrogen atom of the --COOH or --SO₃H group is preferably substituted by an alkali metal, an alkali earthmetal or other metals. For example, an alkali metal selected fromlithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, an alkali earthmetal selected from beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium,radium, and other metals selected from chromium, manganese, iron,cobalt, nickel, copper, zirconium etc.

Further, with the above structure of the fog-proof substrate accordingto the invention, in which straight chain molecules containinghydrophilic functional groups are secured via siloxane bonds to thesubstrate surface of the optical material, when condensation forms onthe surface, water drops wet the substrate surface and do not producefog which extends over the entire surface. Further, since themonomolecular film is chemically adsorbed, it does not separate.Further, since it has a thickness at the nanometer level, it isexcellently transparent, does not interfere with the optical performanceof the substrate and may be made excellently durable.

Further, when it is desired to provide an oil-repelling property inaddition to hydrophilic property, fluorine atoms are introduced inadvance. More particularly, a fluorine-containing monomolecular film isformed on a substrate surface via siloxane bonds, and hydrophilic groupsare secured to the surface of the chemically adsorbed film. It is thuspossible to further improve the fogging-proof and oil-repellingproperties of the chemically adsorbed film.

The chlorosilane-based surface active material capable of use accordingto the invention is not limited to those in the form of a straight chainas noted above. It is possible to use a branched alkyl fluoride orhydrocarbon group or those having a substituted alkyl fluoride orhydrocarbon group with silicon at one end (i.e., those represented bythe formula R₂ SiCl₂, R₃ SiCl, R⁶ R⁷ SiCl₂ or R⁶ R⁷ R⁸ SiCl, where R,R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ represents an fluorocarbon group or hydrocarbon group). Toincrease the adsorption density, however, the straight chain form ispreferred.

Further, by chemically adsorbing a material having a plurality ofchlorosilyl groups, e.g., SiCl₄, SiHCl₃, SiH₂ Cl₂, and Cl(SiCl₂ O)_(n)SiCl₃ (where n represents an integer in a range from 1 to 20), forforming an inner layer, and then reacting it with water, surfacechlorosilyl bonds are converted to hydrophilic silanol bonds, thusmaking the hydrophilic monomolecular on the substrate before making thehydrophilic monolayer. Among the materials containing a plurality ofchlorosilyl groups, tetrachlorosilane (SiCl₄) is preferred in that it ishighly reactive and ion in molecular height. It can, therefore, providesilanol bonds at a high density. In this way, it is possible to make asubstrate highly hydrophilic. Moreover to this surface, achlorosilane-based surface active material containing fluorocarbongroups may be chemically adsorbed. In this way, a chemically adsorbedfilm suitably having an increased density can be obtained.

According to the invention, any substrate may be used which contains--OH, --COOH, --NH₂, ═NH or other hydrophilic groups at its surface. Asubstrate such as a plastic film containing relatively few hydroxylgroups at the surface, may be chemically treated by means such as ozoneoxidation, plasma treatment, corona treatment, or electron beamirradiation to obtain a substrate containing increased hydrophilicgroups and which are suitable for the invention. Polyamide resins andpolyurethane resins have surface imino groups (═NH) and therefore do notrequire any pre-treatment.

Since the surface active material reacts with water, the non-aqueousorganic solvent to be used according to the invention may have as low awater content as possible and sufficiently dissolves the surface activematerial. Examples are those solvents which have long chain alkylgroups, aromatic hydrocarbons, saturated ring compound andhalogen-containing hydrocarbons.

The following description of examples concerns chemical adsorbedmonomolecular films having --CN, --SCN, --OH, --COOH, --NH₂, ═NH, --N⁺R₃ X⁻, --NO₂, --SH, and --SO₃ H groups (X represents a halogen atom, Rrepresents an alkyl group).

EXAMPLE 1

(introduction of a cyano (--CN) group)

A hydrophilic glass substrate 11 was prepared (FIG. 1(a)) and washedwith organic solvent. The glass substrate was dipped and held for abouttwo hours in a non-aqueous solution containing an adsorbed materialhaving a cyano and a chlorosilyl group, e.g., a mixed solution of 80% byweight of n-hexadecane (or toluene, xylene or bicyclohexyl), 12% byweight of carbon tetrachloride, and 8% by weight of chloroform,containing 1% by weight of NC(CH₂ )₇ Si Cl₃.

A dehydrochlorination reaction was thus brought about betweenchlorosilyl (--SiCl) groups in the adsorbed material and hydroxyl groups12 numerously contained at the glass substrate surfaces. This reactionis represented in the following formula [1]. ##STR3##

The glass substrate was then washed with chloroform to remove unreactedmaterial remaining on the surface, followed by washing with water orexposing to air containing moisture. The residual --SiCl group waschanged to a --SiOH group as in formula [2]. ##STR4##

Each silanol group was then dehydrated and crosslinked to form asiloxane bond (--SiO--) after drying as in the formula [3]. Dryingtemperature may be room temperature or above. ##STR5##

By subsequently washing the glass substrate, a monomolecular film 13containing cyano groups (FIG. 1(b)) was formed. The adsorbedmonomolecular film was chemically bonded (i.e., covalently bonded) tothe glass substrate surfaces. The chemical bond is via a siloxane bond.The formation of the chemically adsorbed monomolecular film wasconfirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and the thickness was about 1.5 nm. Itwas very firmly chemically (or covalently) bonded to the fibers and didnot separate.

The above washing step with the non-aqueous organic solution(chloroform) was omitted, and a polymer film was adsorbed to thesubstrate surface. The polymer film was in satisfactorily closeadherance to the substrate. The film was substantially pin-hole free.

EXAMPLE 2

(introduction of a thiocyano (--SCN) group)

A hydrophilic glass substrate 21 was prepared (FIG. 2(a)) and washedwith organic solvent. The glass substrate was dipped and held for aboutfive hours in a non-aqueous solution containing an adsorbed materialhaving a thiocyano and a chlorosilyl group, e.g., a mixed solution of80% by weight of n-hexadecane (or toluene, xylene or bicyclohexyl), 12%by weight of carbon tetrachloride, and 8% by weight of chloroform,containing about 2% by weight of NCS(CH₂)₇ SiCl₃.

A dehydrochlorination reaction was thus brought about betweenchlorosilyl (--SiCl) groups in the adsorbed material and hydroxyl groupsnumerously contained at the substrate surfaces. The substrate was thenwashed with chloroform to remove unreacted material remaining on thesurface, followed by washing with water or exposing to air containingmoisture. The residual --SiCl group was changed to a --SiOH group. Eachsilanol group was then dehydrated and crosslinked to form a siloxanebond after drying as in the formula [4]. Drying temperature may be roomtemperature or above. ##STR6##

A monomolecular flim 22 containing thiocyano groups was thus formed. Thefilm was chemically bonded (or covalently bonded) to the substratesurfaces. The chemical bond is via a siloxane bond. The formation of thechemically adsorbed monomolecular film was confirmed by FTIRspectroscopy and the thickness was about 1.5 nm (FIG. 2(b)). It was veryfirmly chemically (or covalently) bonded to the fibers and did notseparate.

The above washing step with the non-aqueous organic solution(chloroform) was omitted, and a polymer film was adsorbed to thesubstrate surface. The polymer film was in satisfactorily closeadherance to the substrate. The film was substantially pin-hole free.

EXAMPLE 3

(introduction of a hydroxyl (--OH) group)

A hydrophilic glass substrate 31 (FIG. 3(a)) was prepared and washedwith an organic solvent and then dipped and held for about five hours ina non-aqueous solution containing an adsorbed material having an ester(R--COOCH₂ --, R represents a functional group) bond and a chlorosilylgroup, e.g., a mixed solution of 80% by weight of n-hexadecane (ortoluene, xylene or bicyclohexyl), 12% by weight of carbon tetrachloride,and 8% by weight of chloroform, containing about 2% by weight of H₃COOC(CH₂)₇ SiCl₃. A dehydrochlorination reaction was thus brought aboutbetween chlorosilyl (--SiCl) groups in the material containing an esterbond and a chlorosilyl group and hydroxyl groups contained numerously atthe substrate surfaces. The substrate was then washed with chloroform toremove unreacted material remaining on the surface, followed by washingwith water or exposing to air containing moisture. The residual --SiClgroup was changed to a --SiOH group. Each silanol group was thendehydrated and crosslinked to form a siloxane bond after drying as inthe formula [5]. Drying temperature may be room temperature or above.##STR7##

A monomolecular film 32 containing ester bonds thus was formed. The filmwas chemically bonded (or covalently bonded to the substrate surfaces,and its thickness was about 1.5 nm (FIG. 3(b)).

The treated substrate was then reacted in an ether solution containingseveral per cent by weight of lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH₄) at atemperature below room temperature for 20 minutes to introducehydrophilic hydroxyl end groups so as to form a monomolecular film 33(FIG. 3(c)) represented by formula [6]. ##STR8##

The monomolecular film 33 was very firmly chemically bonded (orcovalently bonded) to the substrate and did not separate. The substratewas further dipped in a hexane solution containing an organic compoundof an alkali metal, e.g., LiO(CH₂)₃ CH₃ (or NaOCH₃) to form a verylighly hydrophilic film 34 (FIG. 3(d)) represented by formula [7].##STR9##

As another example, the glass substrate was washed with an organicsolvent and then reacted with a material containing a plurality ofchlorosilyl groups, e.g., SiCl₄. The substrate was subsequently washedwith a solvent, e.g., freon 113, and then washed with water. As aresult, unreacted SiCl₄ molecules remaining on the substrate surfacewere removed to obtain a siloxane monomolecular film as represented byformulas [A] and/or [B]. ##STR10##

A siloxane monomolecular film abundantly containing hydroxyl (--OH)groups thus could be formed. The film was chemically (or covalently)bonded to the substrate surface, and its thickness was about 0.3 nm.Subsequent to the above chemical adsorption of SiCl₄, the process inExample 1, 2 or 3 was carried out. Thus, a hydrophilic monomolecularfilm could be formed with a higher density on the substrate surface viathe siloxane monomolecular film. The film did not separate by washing orwiping.

EXAMPLE 4

(introduction of a carboxyl (--COOH) group)

A hydrophilic glass mirror substrate 41 was prepared (FIG. 4(a)), washedwell and dipped and held for about five hours in a non-aqueous solutioncontaining an adsorbed material having an ester bond and a chlorosilylgroup in a mixed solution of 80% by weight of n-hexadecane (or toluene,xylene or bicyclohexyl), 12% by weight of carbon tetrachloride, and 8%by weight of chloroform, containing about 2% by weight of H₃ COOC(CH₂)₁₀SiCl₃. A dehydrochlorination reaction was thus brought about chlorosilyl(--SiCl) groups in the material and hydroxyl groups numerously containedat the substrate surface. The substrate was then washed with chloroformto remove unreacted material remaining on the surface, followed bywashing with water or exposing to air containing moisture. The residual--SiCl group was changed to a --SiOH group. Each silanol group was thendehydrated and crosslinked to form a siloxane bond after drying as inthe formula [8]. Drying temperature may be room temperature or above.##STR11##

A monomolecular film 42 containing ester bonds thus could be formed. Thefilm was chemically (or covalently) bonded to the substrate surface, andits thickness was about 2.0 nm (FIG. 4(b)).

The treated substrate was then reacted in a solution containing 36% byweight of hydrochloric acid (HCl) at 65° C. for 30 minutes, thusintroducing hydrophilic carboxyl end groups as represented by formula[9]. ##STR12##

A monomolecular film 43 (FIG. 4(c)) was thus formed. This film again wasvery firmly chemically (or covalently) bonded and did not separate.

The substrate was then further dipped and held in an aqueous solutioncontaining an alkali,alkali earth metal or other metals compound, e.g.,NaOH or Ca(OH)₂, and bonds were formed as in formula [10]. ##STR13##

A highly hydrophilic monomolecular film 44 (FIG. 4(d)) thus could beformed on the substrate surface. This film did not separate by washing.The film had a very good hydrophilic property and the mirror had anexcellent fog-proof property.

EXAMPLE 5

(introduction of an --NH₂ group)

A hydrophilic glass mirror substrate 51 (FIG. 5(a)) was prepared bydipping and holding for about two hours in a non-aqueous solutioncontaining an adsorbed material having a cyano and a chlorosilyl group,e.g., a mixed solution of 80% by weight of n-hexadecane (or toluene,xylene or bicyclohexyl), 12% by weight of carbon tetrachloride, and 8%by weight of chloroform, containing about 1% by weight of NC(CH₂)₁₇SiCl₃.

A dehydrochlorination reaction was thus brought about between --SiClgroups in the adsorbed material containing a cyano and a chlorosilylgroup and hydroxyl groups numerously contained at the substratesurfaces. The substrate was then washed with chloroform to removeunreacted material remaining on the surface, followed by washing withwater or exposing to air containing moisture. The residual --SiCl groupwas changed to a --SiOH group. Each silanol group was then dehydratedand crosslinked to form a siloxane bond after drying as in the formula[11]. Drying temperature may be room temperature or above. ##STR14##

A monomolecular film 52 containing cyano groups thus could be formed.The film was chemically (or covalently) bonded to the substrate surface(FIG. 5(b)).

The treated fibers were then dipped and held in ether containingdissolved lithium aluminium hydride (10 mg/ml) for overnight reaction.Then, the substrate was taken out from the solution and added to anether solution containing 10% by weight hydrochloric acid. Thereafter,the substrate was dipped and held in a triethylamine solution for twohours. The substrate was then washed with chloroform. A highlyhydrophilic monomolecular film 53 (FIG. 5(c)) represented by formula[12] was formed. ##STR15##

This film was firmly chemically (or covalently) bonded to the substrateand did not separate. The formation of chemically adsorbed monomolecularfilm was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and the thickness was about 2.5nm.

As an additional example of --NH₂ group introduction, a hydrophilicglass substrate was prepared. The substrate was washed with an organicsolvent and dipped and held for about two hours in a non-aqueoussolution containing a bromo or iodo group and a chlorosilyl group, e.g.,a mixed solution of 80% by weight of n-hexadecane (or toluene, xylene orbicyclohexyl), 12% by weight of carbon tetrachloride, and 8% by weightof chloroform, containing about 1% by weight of Br(CH₂)₁₇ SiCl₃.

A dehydrochlorination reaction was thus brought about between --SiClgroups in the material containing the bromo or iodo group and achlorosilyl group and hydroxyl groups contained numerously at thesubstrate surface. The substrate was then washed with chloroform toremove unreacted material remaining on the surface, followed by washingwith water or exposing to air containing moisture. The residual --SiClgroup was changed to a --SiOH group. Each silanol group was thendehydrated and crosslinked to form a siloxane bond after drying as inthe formula [13]. Drying temperature may be room temperature or above.##STR16##

A monomolecular film containing bromo groups thus could be formed overthe entire substrate surface. The film was chemically (or covalently)bonded to the substrate surfaces.

The treated substrate was then dipped and held in an N,N-dimethylformamide solution containing dissolved sodium amide (8 mg/ml) forovernight reaction. A monomolecular film represented by formula [14] wasobtained. ##STR17##

The substrate was then dipped and held in ether containing dissolvedlithium aluminium hydride (10 mg/ml) for overnight reaction, and thenput into an empty container for addition thereto of an ether solutioncontaining 10% by weight hydrochloric acid. Subsequently, the substratewas dipped and held in a triethylamine solution for two hours. Thesubstrate was then washed with chloroform. After drying, a compound asin the formula [15] was formed. ##STR18##

This monomolecular film was very firmly chemically (or covalently)bonded to the substrate and did not separated by wiping. The film had avery good hydrophilic property and the glass had an excellent fog-proofproperty.

EXAMPLE 6

(introduction of an ═NH group)

A transparent polycarbonate plate substrate (or acryl resin platesubstrate) surface was oxygen plasma treated in a UV dry stripper("UV-1" manufactured by Samco International Co.) at an oxygen flow rateof 1 liter/min. for 10 minutes to oxidize the surface. The substrate wasdipped and held for five hours in a non-aqueous solution containing anadsorbed material having a chlorosilyl group at each end e.g., an"Aflood" solution (a fluorine-based solvent provided by Asahi GlassCo.), prepared by dissolving into the non-aqueous solution about 2% byweight of

    ClSi(CH.sub.3).sub.2 (CH.sub.2).sub.10 SiCl.sub.3.

A dehydrochlorination reaction was thus brought about betweenchlorosilyl (--SiCl) groups at one end of the material containing thechlorosilyl groups and the hydroxyl groups numerously contained at thesubstrate surface (FIG. 6(a)). The substrate was then washed with freon113 to remove unreacted material remaining on the surface. Thus, bondsformed by formula [16] were produced over the entire substrate surface.##STR19##

A monomolecular film 62 containing chlorosilyl groups (FIG. 6(b)) thuscould be formed. The film was chemically (or covalently) bonded to thefiber surfaces.

The treated substrate was then dipped in an "Aflood" solvent containing10% by weight of CH₃ NH₂ for a dehydrochlorination reaction, and thenwashed with the "Aflood" solution. Thus, bonds formed by formula [17]were produced over the entire substrate surface. ##STR20##

Thus, a hydrophilic monomolecular film 63 could be obtained (FIG. 6(c)).This monomolecular film was very firmly chemically (or covalently)bonded and did not separate. Also, it did not separate by washing orbrushing.

EXAMPLE 7

(introduction of a --N⁺ R₃ X⁻ group (wherein X represents a halogenatom, and R represents a lower alkyl group)

A hydrophilic glass substrate 71 was prepared (FIG. 7(a)), then washed.The substrate was dipped and held for about five hours in a non-aqueoussolution containing an adsorbed material having a chlorosilyl group ateach end, e.g., a mixed solution of 80% by weight of n-hexadecane (ortoluene, xylene or bicyclohexyl), 12% by weight of carbon tetrachloride,and 8% by weight of chloroform, containing about 2% by weight of

    ClSi(CH.sub.3).sub.2 (CH.sub.2).sub.10 SiCl.sub.3

A dehydrochlorination reaction was brought about between chlorosilyl(--SiCl) groups in the material containing a chlorosilyl group at eachend and hydroxyl groups numerously contained at the substrate surface.The substrate was then washed with chloroform to remove unreactedmaterial remaining on the surface. Thus, bonds formed by the formula[18] were produced over the entire substrate surface. ##STR21##

A monomolecular film 72 containing chlorosilyl groups thus could beformed. The film was chemically (or covalently) bonded to the fibersurfaces (FIG. 7(b)). The treated substrate was then dipped in achloroform solution containing 10% by weight of (CH₃)₂ N(CH₂)₂ OHcausing a dehydrochlorination reaction. The substrate was then washedwith chloroform. Thus, a monomolecular film 73 represented by formula[19] could be obtained (FIG. 7(c)). ##STR22##

The substrate was then further dipped in a cyclohexane solutioncontaining CH₃ I, and the solution was circulated current for two hours.Thus, a very highly hydrophilic monomolecular film 74 could be obtained(FIG. 7(d)), which contained quarternary amino groups at the surface, asrepresented by formula [20]. ##STR23##

EXAMPLE 8

(introduction of an --NO₂ group)

A hydrophilic glass substrate 81 FIG. 8(a) ) was prepared and washedwith an organic solution. The substrate was dipped and held for aboutfive hours in a non-aqueous solution containing an adsorbed materialhaving a bromo or iodo group and a chlorosilyl group, e.g., a mixedsolution of 80% by weight of n-hexadecane (or toluene, xylene orbicyclohexyl), 12% by weight of carbon tetrachloride, and 8% by weightof chloroform, containing about 2% by weight of Br(CH₂)₁₀ SiCl₃.

A dehydrochloroination reaction was thus brought about betweenchlorosilyl (--SiCl) groups in the material containing a bromo or iodoand a chlorosilyl group and hydroxyl groups numerously contained at thesubstrate surface. The substrate was then washed with chloroform toremove unreacted material remaining on the surface. Thus, bonds formedby formula [21] were produced over the entire substrate surface.##STR24##

A monomolecular film 82 containng bromo groups thus could be formed. Thefilm was chemically (or covalently) bonded to the substrate surface, andits thickness was about 1.5 nm (FIG. 8(b)).

The treated substrate was then reacted in an alkaline aqueous solutioncontaining 5% by weight of AgNO₃ at 80° C. for two hours. Thus, ahydrophilic monomolecular film 83 (FIG. 8(c)) represented by formula[22] could be obtained. ##STR25##

This momomolecular film was very firmly chemically (or covalently)bonded to the substrate and did not separate.

EXAMPLE 9

(introduction of a hydrogen sulfide (--SH) group)

A hydrophilic glass substrate 91 (FIG. 9(a)) was prepared and washedwith an organic solution. The substrate was dipped and held for aboutfive hours in a non-aqueous solution containing an adsorbed materialhaving thiocyano (--SCN) and chlorosilyl groups, e.g., a mixed solutionof 80% by weight of n-hexadecane (or toluene, xylene or bicyclohexyl),12% by weight of carbon tetrachloride, and 8% by weight of chloroform,containing about 2% by weight of NCS(CH₂)₁₀ SiCl₃.

A dehydrochlorination reaction was thus brought about betweenchlorosilyl (--SiCl) groups in the material and hydroxyl groupsnumerously contained at the substrate surface. The substrate was thenwashed with freon 113 to remove unreacted material remaining on thesurface, followed by washing with water or exposing to air containingmoisture. The residual --SiCl group was changed to a --SiOH group. Eachsilanol group was then dehydrated and crosslinked to form a siloxanebond after drying as in formula [23]. Drying temperature may be roomtemperature or above. ##STR26##

A monomolecular film 92 containing thiocyano groups thus could beobtained (FIG. 9(b)). The film was chemically (or covalently) bonded tothe substrate surface. Its thickness was about 1.5 nm.

The treated substrate was then dipped in an ether solution containinglithium aluminum halide (10 mg/ml) for four hours. Thus, a hydrophilicmonomolecular film 93 (FIG. 9(c)) represented by formula [24] wasobtained. ##STR27##

The film did not separate by washing.

EXAMPLE 10

(introduction of a --SO₃ H group)

The monomolecular film 93 (FIG. 9(c)) obtained in Example 9 andrepresented by formula 25 shown above was dipped in a mixed solutioncontaining 10% by weight hydrogen peroxide and 10% by weight acetic acidin a volume ratio of 1:5 at a temperature of 40° to 50° C. for 30minutes. Thus, a highly hydrophilic monomolecular film 94 (FIG. 9(d))represented by formula [25] was obtained. ##STR28##

The treated substrate was then dipped in an aqueous solution obtained bydissolving about 2% by weight of an alkali, alkali earth metal or othermetals compound, e.g., NaOH. Thus, a very highly hydrophilic film 95(FIG. 9 (e)) represented by formula [26] was formed. ##STR29##

The film did not separate by wiping. The film had a very goodhydrophilic property and the glass had an excellent fog-proof property.

In the above structure according to examples 7, 8, and 10, a hydrophilicmonomolecular film or a laminated momomolecular film, which isexcellently fog-proof and has a thickness at the nanometer level, isformed such that it is chemically bonded (or covalently bonded) to thesubstrate surface is, fog-proof and oil-repelling, and is excellentlyscratch-proof and wear-resistant. The film can be obtained withoutsignificantly effecting the transparency, tone and luster of thesubstrate.

EXAMPLE 11

(introduction of an --OH group)

A glass mirror substrate 111 (FIG. 10(a)) was washed with an organicsolution. The substrate was dipped and held for about five hours in anon-aqueous solution containing 80% by weight of n-hexadecane, 12% byweight of carbon tetrachloride and 8% by weight of chloroform, preparedby dissolving into the non-aqueous solution about 2% by weight of CH₃OOC(CH₂)₇ SiCl₃.

A dehydrochlorination reaction was thus brought about betweenchlorosilane (--SiCl) groups in the material containing the ester bondand the chlorosilane group and hydroxyl groups 112 contained numerouslyat the substrate surface. The substrate was then washed with chloroformto remove unreacted material remaining on the surface, followed bywashing with water or exposing to air containing moisture. The residual--SiCl group was changed to a --SiOH group. Each silanol group was thendehydrated and crosslinked to form a siloxane bond after drying. Dryingtemperature may be room temperature or above.

Thus, bonds were formed as in formula [27]. ##STR30##

A monomolecular film 113 containing ester bonds thus was formed. Thefilm was chemically (or covalently) bonded to the substrate surface. Itsthickness was about 2.0 nm (FIG. 10(b)).

The treated glass mirror was then dippped in an ether solutioncontaining several per cent by weight of lithium aluminium hydride(LiAlH₄) at room temperature for 20 minutes to introduce hydrophilichydroxyl end groups. Thus, a monomolecular film 114 (FIG. 10(c))represented by formula [28] was formed. ##STR31##

The monomolecular film 114 was very firmly chemically bonded (orcovalently bonded) to the substrate and did not separate. The substratewas further dipped in a hexane solution containing an organic compoundof an alkali metal, e.g., Li(CH₂)₃ CH₃ (or NaOCH₃) to form a very lighlyhydrophilic film 115 (FIG. 10(d)) represented by formula [29]. ##STR32##

The monomlecular film had a water-wetting angle of 70 degrees, and didnot fog in high humidity atmosphere. That is, the hydrophilicmonomolecular film was formed on a substrate surface before reflectinglayer forming, however it can be formed of the hydrophilic monomolecularfilm after reflecting layer forming.

EXAMPLE 12

(introduction of a --COOH group)

A window glass substrate 121 (FIG. 11(a)) was washed with an organicsolution. The substrate was dipped and held for about five hours in anon-aqueous solution containing a functional group having an ester bondand a chlorosilane group, e.g., a solution containing 80% by weight ofn-hexadecane, 12% by weight of carbon tetrachloride and 8% by weight ofchloroform, prepared by dissolving into the non-aqueous solution about2% by weight of CH₃ OOC(CH₂)₁₀ SiCl₃.

A dehydrochlorination reaction was thus brought about betweenchlorosilane (--SiCl) groups in the material and hydroxyl groups 122numerously contained at the substrate surface. The substrate was thenwashed with chloroform to remove unreacted material remaining on thesurface, followed by washing with water or exposing to air containingmoisture. The residual --SiCl group was changed to a --SiOH group. Eachsilanol group was then dehydrated and crosslinked to form a siloxanebond after drying as in the formula [30]. Drying temperature may be roomtemperature or above. ##STR33##

A monomolecular film 123 containing ester bonds thus could be formed.The film was chemically (or covalently) bonded to the substrate surface.Its thickness was about 2.0 nm (FIG. 11(b)).

The treated substrate was then dipped and held in a solution containing36% by weight of hydrochloric acid (HCl) for reaction at 65° C. for 30minutes to introduce hydrophilic end carboxyl groups as represented byformula [31]. ##STR34##

A monomolecular film 124 (FIG. 11(c)) thus could be obtained. The filmwas firmly chemically (or covalently) bonded to the surface and did notseparate. The monomlecular film did not fog in a high humidityatmosphere. By treating the chemically adsorbed film with diluted NaOH(or Ca(OH)₂) aqueous solution, the carboxylic acid of the film waschanged to sodium carboxylic acid salt 125 (FIG. 11(d)) as in theformula [32]. The monomlecular film had a water-wetting angle of 70degrees, and did not fog in a high humidity atmosphere. ##STR35##

EXAMPLE 13

(introduction of an --NH₂ group)

A window glass 131 was prepared (FIG. 12(a)). The window glass wasdipped and held for about 30 minutes in a water solution containingbichromic acid and washed with water. The window glass was dipped andheld for about two hours in a non-aqueous solution containing anadsorbed material having a cyano and a chlorosilyl group, e.g., a mixedsolution containing 80% by weight of n-hexadecane (or toluene, xylene orbicyclohexyl), 12% by weight of carbon tetrachloride and 8% by weight ofchloroform, prepared dissolving into the non-aqueous solution about 1%by weight of NC(CH₂)₁₇ SiCl₃.

A dehydrochlorination reaction brought about between chlorosilane(--SiCl) groups in the material and hydroxyl groups 132 containednumerously at the substrate surface. The substrate was then washed withchloroform to remove unreacted material remaining on the surface,followed by washing with water or exposing to air containing moisture.The residual --SiCl groups were changed to --SiOH groups. Each silanolgroup was then dehydrated and crosslinked to form a siloxane bond afterdrying as in the formula [33]. Drying temperature may be roomtemperature or above. ##STR36##

A monomolecular film 133 containing cyano groups thus could be formed.The film was chemically (or covalently) bonded to the surfaces (FIG.12(b)).

The treated window glass was then dipped in an ether solution containingdissolved lithium aluminium hydride (10 mg/ml) for overnight reaction.Then, the window glass was taken out from the solution and added to anether solution containing 10% by weight hydrochloric acid. Thereafter,it was dipped and held in a triethylamine solution for two hours andwashed with chloform. A highly hydrophilic monomolecular film 134 (FIG.12(c)) represented by formula [34] was formed. ##STR37##

As an additional example of --NH₂ group introduction, window glass waswater washed and dipped and held for about two hours in a non-aqueoussolution containing a material containing a bromo or iodo group and achlorosilane group, e.g., a solution of 80% by weight of n-hexadecane(or toluene, xylene or bicyclohexyl), 12% by weight of carbontetrachloride and 8% by weight of chloroform, containing about 1% byweight of Br(CH₂)₁₇ SiCl₃.

A dehydrochlorination reaction was thus brought about betweenchlorosilane (--SiCl) groups in the material and hydroxyl groupsnumerously contained at the window glass surface. Thus, bondsrepresented by formula [35] over the entire window glass surface wereformed. ##STR38##

A monomolecular film containing bromo groups thus could be formed. Thefilm was chemically (or covalently) bonded to the window glass surface.The treated window glass was then dipped in an N,N-dimethyl formamidesolution containing sodium amide dissolved therein (8 mg/ml) forovernight reaction. Thus, a monomolecular film represented by formula[36] was obtained. ##STR39##

Further, the material was dipped in an ether solution containing lithiumaluminium hydride dissolved therein (10 mg/ml) for overnight reaction.Then, it was put in an empty container, and an ether solution containing10% by weight hydrochloric acid was added. Thereafter, it was dipped ina triethylamine solution for two hours and then washed with a chloroformsolution. Thus, a monomolecular film represented by formula [37] whichwas fog-proof and had a water-wetting angle of 60 degrees, could beobtained. ##STR40##

The film was very firmly chemically (or covalently) bonded to the windowglass surface and did not separate at all.

EXAMPLE 14

(introduction of a --N⁺ R₃ X⁻ group (wherein X represents a halogenatom, and R represents a lower alkyl group)

A polycarbonate optical lens substrate (or acryl resin plate substrate)surface was oxygen plasma treated in a UV dry stripper ("UV-1"manufactured by Samco International Co.) at an oxygen flow rate of 1liter/min. 300 w, for 20 minutes to oxidize the surface. The substratewas dipped and held at 80° C. for about 30 minutes in a water solutioncontaining a bichromic acid and washed with water. The substrate 141 waswashed with an organic solvent. The substrate was dipped and held forabout one hour in a non-aqueous solution containing about 2% by weightof SiCl₄ in a freon 113 solution. The substrate was subsequently washedwith a solvent, e.g., freon 113, and then washed with water. As aresult, the substrate surface had a siloxane monomolecular film (innerlayer) 142 (FIG. 13(a)) as represented above in formulas [A] and/or [B].

The substrate was dipped and held for about five hours in a non-aqueoussolution containing a chlorosilane group at each end, e.g., a freon 113solution containing about 2% by weight of ClSi(CH₃)₂ (CH₂)₁₀ SiCl₃.

A dehydrochlorination reaction was brought about between chlorosilane(--SiCl) groups in the material containing a chlorosilane group at eachend and hydroxyl groups contained at the inner layer surface. Thus,bonds represented by formula [38] were produced over the entiresubstrate surface. A monomolecular film 143 containing chlorosilanegroups thus could be formed. The film was chemically (or covalently)bonded to the substrate surface (FIG. 13(b)). ##STR41##

The treated substrate was then dipped in a freon 113 solution containing10% by weight of (CH₃)₂ N(CH₂)₂ OH for a dehydrochlorination reaction,and then washed with freon 113. Thus, a monomolecular film 144 (FIG.13(c)) represented by formula [39] was obtained. ##STR42##

The substrate thus obtained was refluxed in a chloroform solutioncontaining CH₃ I for two hours. Thus, substrate 145 (FIG. 13(d)) havingsurface quarternary amino groups represented by formula [40] and beingvery highly wetted by water were obtained. ##STR43##

The monomlecular film had a water-wetting angle of 50 degrees, and didnot fog in a high humidity atmosphere.

EXAMPLE 15

(introduction of an --NO₂ group)

A glass substrate 151 (FIG. 14(a)) was washed with an organic solventand dipped and held for about five hours in a non-aqueous solutioncontaining a bromo or iodo group or a chlorosilane group, e.g., asolution of 80% by weight of n-hexadecane (or toluene, xylene orbicyclohexyl), 12% by weight of carbon tetrachloride and 8% by weight ofchloroform, containing about 2% by weight of a compound represented byformula [41]. ##STR44##

A dehydrochlorination reaction was brought about between chlorosilane(--SiCl) groups in the material containing a bromo or iodo group and achlorosilane group and hyroxyl groups 152 numerously contained at thesubstrate surface. Thus, bonds represented by formula [42] were producedover the entire substrate surface. ##STR45##

A monomolecular film 153 containg bromo groups thus was formed. The filmwas chemically (or covalently) bonded to the substrate surface. Itsthickness was about 2.5 nm (FIG. 14(b)). The treated substrate was thendipped in an aqueous alkaline solution containing 5% by weight of AgNO₃for reaction at 80° C. for two hours. Thus, a hydrophilic monomolecularfilm 154 (FIG. 14(c)) as represented by formula [43] was obtained.##STR46##

The monomolecular film had a water-wetting angle of 70 degrees, and didnot fog in a high humidity atmosphere.

EXAMPLE 16

(introduction of a --SO₃ H group)

A spectacle glass lens 161 (FIG. 15(a)) was washed with an organicsolvent and dipped and held for about five hours in a non-aqueoussolution containing a material containing a thiocyano (--SCN) and achlorosilane group, e.g., a solution of 80% by weight of n-hexadecane(or toluene, xylene or bicyclohexyl), 12% by weight of carbontetrachloride and 8% by weight of chloroform, containing 2% by weight ofNCS(CH₂)₁₀ SiCl₃.

A dehydrochlorination reaction was brought about between chlorosilyl(--SiCl) groups in the glass containing a thiocyano and a chlorosilanegroup and hydroxyl groups 162 numerously contained at the glass surface.Thus, bonds represented by formula [44] were produced over the entireglass surface. ##STR47##

A monomolecular film 163 containing thiocyano groups thus was formed.The film was chemically (or covalently) bonded to the glass surface. Itsthickness was about 2.0 nm (FIG. 15(b)).

The treated glass was then dipped in an ether solution containinglithium aluminum halide dissolved therein (10 mg/ml) for four hours.Thus, a hydrophilic monomolecular film 164 (FIG. 15(c)) represented byformula [45] was obtained. ##STR48##

The treated glass thus obtained was further dipped in a mixed solutioncontaining 10% by weight of hydrogen peroxide and 10% by weight ofacetic acid in a volume ratio of 1:5 at a temperature of 40° to 50° C.for 30 minutes. Thus, a highly hydrophilic monmolecular film 165 (FIG.15(d)) as represented by formula [46] was obtained. ##STR49##

The glass was then further dipped and held in an aqueous solutioncontaining an alkali, alkali earth metal or other metals compound, e.g.,containing 2% by weight of NaOH (or Ca(OH)₂) thus, bonds were formed asin formula [47]. ##STR50##

The monomlecular film 166 had a water-wetting angle of 45 degrees, anddid not fog in high humidity atmosphere.

EXAMPLE 17

As shown in FIG. 16(a), a hydrophilic poly(ethylene terephthalate) filmsubstrate 211 was prepared. The substrate sarface was oxidized. Thesurface may be oxidized, for example, to be hydrophilic by treating withdichromic acid. After drying well, the substrate was dipped and held forabout two hours in a freon 113 solution. The solution was prepared bydissolving a chemical adsorbed material having two trichlorosilyl groupsat molecule ends, for example

    Cl.sub.3 Si(CH.sub.2).sub.2 (CF.sub.2).sub.6 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 SiCl.sub.3

to a concentration of about 2 wt. %. Since the surface of the glasssubstrate 211 contained many hydroxyl groups 212, a dehydrochlorinationreaction was thus brought about between --SiCl groups at either end ofmolecules of the chemical adsorbed material, producing bonds representedby the formula [48] over the entire substrate surface. ##STR51##

Subsequently, the substrate was washed well using an organic solvent(i.e., freon 113) to remove excess chemical adsorbed material remainingon its surface, and then washed with water and dried. As a result, asiloxane-based monomolecular layer represented by the formula [49] wasformed such that it was secured by chemical bonds (or covalent bonds) tothe substrate surface. ##STR52##

The chemical bond is via a siloxane bond. The formation of thechemically adsorbed monomolecular film 213 was confirmed by FTIRspectroscopy and the thickness was about 1.5 nanometers (nm), as shownin FIG. 16(b). It was firmly bonded such that it did not separate.

By subsequently carrying out the steps, from the chemical adsorptionstep to the water washing and drying step, a di-molecular layer 214 asshown in FIG. 16(c) was obtained. The formation of the chemicallyadsorbed monomolecular film was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and thethickness was about 3.0 nanometers (nm). It was firmly bonded such thatit did not separate.

Likewise, by repeating the steps from the chemical adsorption step tothe water washing and dry step for a required number of layers, alaminated monomolecular chemically adsorbed film based on fluorocarbonwas obtained, the surface of which was covered by hydroxyl groups, andwhich was a little hydrophilic, fog-proof, oil-repelling and had a veryhigh adhesion. While in the above the Examples, Cl₃ Si(CH₂)₂ (CF₂)₆(CH₂)₂ SiCl₃ were used, other compounds may be used as well. Examples ofsuch compounds are

    Cl.sub.3 Si(CH.sub.2).sub.2 (CF.sub.2).sub.8 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 SiCl.sub.3, ##STR53##

EXAMPLE 18

As shown in FIG. 17(a), a hydrophilic glass substrate 211 was prepared.After drying well, the substrate was dipped and held for about two hoursin a solution of 80 wt. % n-hexadecane (or toluene or xylene orbicyclohexyl), 12 wt. % of carbon tetrachloride and 8 wt. % chloroform,the solution being a chemical adsorbed material containing 1 wt. % ofthe molecule of which had a trichlorosilyl group at one end and had avinyl group at the other end; for example:

    CH.sub.2 ═CH--(CF.sub.2).sub.6 --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 SiCl.sub.3

Since the surface of the ceramic substrate contained many hydroxylgroups 212, a dehydrochlorination reaction was brought about between--SiCl groups of the chemical adsorbed material and hydroxyl groups ofthe substrate surface. A monomolecular layer represented by the formula[49]: ##STR54## was formed over the entire substrate surface.

The substrate was then washed with freon 113 to remove the unreactedmaterial remaining on the surface, followed by washing with water orexposing to air containing moisture. The --SiCl group was changed to a--SiOH group as in formula [50]. ##STR55##

Each silanol group (--SiOH) was then dehydrated and crosslinked to forma siloxane bond (--SiO--) after drying as in formula [51]. Dryingtemperature may be room temperature or above. ##STR56##

An adsorbed monomolecular film 215 was obtained on the surface of thesubstrate as shown FIG. 17(b). The adsorbed monomolecular film has afluorocarbon group and is chemically bonded (i.e., covalently bonded) tothe substrate. The chemical bond is via a siloxane bond. The formationof the chemically adsorbed monomolecular film was confirmed by FTIRspectroscopy and the thickness was about 1.5 nanometers (nm). It wasfirmly bonded such that it did not separate.

The substrate was irradiated with an energy beam such as an electronbeam, an ion beam, gamma rays or ultraviolet ways in a reactive gasatmosphere (for instance irradiated with about 5 Mrads. of an electronbean in air). As a result, a monomolecular layer 216 represented byformulas [52] to [54]: ##STR57## formed such that it was chemicallybonded to the surface, as shown in FIG. 17(c).

By carrying out the steps from the chemical adsoprtion step using

    CH.sub.2 ═CH--(CF.sub.2).sub.6 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 SiCl.sub.3

to the water washing step, a di-molecular film 217 containingfluorocarbon groups as shown in FIG. 17(d) was obtained.

Likewise, by repeating the steps from the chemical adsorption step tothe energy beam irradiation step for a desired number of layers, alaminated chemically adsorbed monomolecular film was obtained, thesurface of which was covered by hydroxyl groups and/or imino groups, andwhich was a little hydrophilic and oil-repelling and had a very highadhesion.

EXAMPLE 19

As shown in FIG. 18(a), a polycarbonate substrate having a thickness of1.2 mm and a diameter of 60 mm was fixed to another polycarbonatesubstrate using a UV-setting adhesive. The substrate thus obtained wasoxygen plasma treated in a UV dry stripper ("UV-1" manufactured by SamcoInternational Co.) at an oxygen flow rate of 1 liter/min. for 10 minutesto oxidize the surface. The substrate was dipped and held in a freon 113solution containing the chemical adsorbed material:

    HSi(CH.sub.3).sub.2 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 (CF.sub.2).sub.6 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 SiCl.sub.3

at a concentration of about 2 wt. %. Since the surface of thehydrophilic substrate contained many hydroxyl groups 212, adehydrochlorination reaction was brought about between --SiCl groups ofthe chemical adsorbed material and hydroxyl groups of the substratesurface. A monomolecular layer as represented by formula [55]: ##STR58##was formed over the entire substrate surface.

The substrate was then washed well with an organic solvent (i.e., freon113) to remove non-reacted chemical adsorbed material remaining on itssurface. A laminated chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 218 based onfluorocarbon was obtained by the formula [56] which had its surfacecovered by --SiH groups, as shown in FIG. 18(b). ##STR59##

The substrate was treated for about 10 hours with a H₂ O₂ solutioncontaining KF, KHCO₃, MeOH and THF. A monomolecular layer 219represented by the formula [57] was thus formed such that it waschemically bonded to the surface, as shown in FIG. 18(c). ##STR60##

By subsequently carrying out the steps from the chemical adsorption stepusing

    HSi(CH.sub.3).sub.2 (CH.sub.3).sub.2 (CF.sub.2).sub.6 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 SiCl.sub.3

to the H₂ O₂ treatment step, a laminated molecular film 220 containingcarbon fluoride groups shown in FIG. 18(d) was obtained.

Likewise, by repeating the steps from the chemical adsorption step tothe H₂ O₂ treatment step for a desired number of layers, a laminatedchemically adsorbed monomolecular film based on fluorocarbon could beobtained, which had its surface covered by hydroxyl groups, was a littlehydrophilic and oil-repelling and had a very high adhesion.

By using

    Cl.sub.3 Si(CH.sub.2).sub.2 (CF.sub.2).sub.6 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 SiCl.sub.3

in the last chemical adsorption step in the above example, a laminatedchemically adsorbed monomolecular film based on fluorocarbon, thesurface of which is fog-proof, water- and oil-repelling, and transparentcan be obtained.

That is, since the fluorine-containing monomolecular film is formed on asubstrate surface via siloxane bonds (or covalent bonds), it isexcellently scratch-proof, wear-resistant, fog-proof and oil-repelling.Further, since many hydrophilic groups are secured to the surface ofchemically adsorbed monomolecular film, excellent fog-proof andoil-repelling properties can be obtained.

Further, with the preferred structure according to the invention, alaminated chemically adsorbed film containing fluorine is formed, and anexcellently oil-repelling film can be obtained.

Further, with the method of manufacture according to the invention afog-proof and oil-repelling monomolecular film according to theinvention can be manufactured efficiently and effectively. Further, byrepeatedly carrying out the method of manufacture, a laminated film canbe obtained efficiently.

Further, with the method of manufacture according to the invention, afog-proof oil-repelling laminated monomolecular film can be manufacturedefficiently and logically.

As has been shown, the invention is greatly beneficial to industry.

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departingfrom the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The presentembodiment is to be considered in all respects as illustrative and notrestrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appendedclaims rather than by the foregoing description and all changes whichcome within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims areintended to be embraced therein.

We claim:
 1. A hydrophilic chemically adsorbed film comprising astraight fluorocarbon chain having one end bonded by covalent Si bondsto a substrate surface, wherein said chemically adsorbed film containshydrophilic functional groups at the outermost surface, and saidhydrophilic functional groups include at least one functional groupselected from the group consisting of --SCN, --NH₂, ═NH, --N³⁰ R₃ X⁻,--NO₂, --SH, and --SO₃ H groups, where X represents a halogen atom, Rrepresents a methyl group, and the hydrogen atoms in the SO₃ H groupsare substituted by an alkali metal or an alkali earth metal.
 2. Thehydrophilic chemically adsorbed film according to claim 1, wherein saidchemically adsorbed film is a monomolecular film or a polymer film. 3.The hydrophilic chemically adsorbed film according to claim 1, whereinsaid substrate is an optical substrate.
 4. The hydrophilic chemicallyadsorbed film according to claim 1, wherein said hydrophilic chemicallyadsorbed film is laminated on the surface of an inner layer filmcontaining siloxane bonds.